That's a portable RO Unit.
I've worked with tons of these. Except for the membrane housing(largest cylinder), all the rest are throw away(except for the fittings on each end). As it is right now, even if the membrane still has some life in it, it's worth about $35, about the cost of a new membrane.
If you currently use an RO unit, just hook up that little one and check the TDS to see if the membrane is still good. Let it run for 30-60 minutes before checking TDS.
The tube at top left of the pic connects to the source water and pure water comes out the bottom cylinder, which is probably carbon, not DI Resin. Waste water comes out the finger size cylinder(restricter valve) coming up off the right side of the membrane housing(will need some hose leading to a drain.
Aloha,
Mark
P.S.
I buy, refurbish and re-sell RO Units for hobbyists here.
Edited by Mark Peterson - March 11 2016 at 1:48pm